Research regarding the phenomenon termed “fetal programming” and the theory of “fetal origins of adult disease” has initially focused on the impact of maternal overnutrition or undernutrition on the growth potential in utero 1, 2, 3, 4. Over the past decades, the field of nutritional epidemiology has generated a large body of evidence indicating that maternal nutrition plays a critical role in fetal growth 1, 2, 3, 4 and pregnancy outcome 5. Our results highlight the need to broaden the knowledge on the importance of maternal nutrition during pregnancy. This is the first evidence to suggest that the composition of AF is influenced by maternal habitual dietary patterns. 1H NMR spectra allowed the identification of metabolites associated with these dietary patterns glucose, alanine, tyrosine, valine, citrate, cis-acotinate, and formate were the key discriminatory metabolites elevated in C1 AF specimens. C1 was characterized by significantly higher percentages of energy derived from refined cereals, yellow cheese, red meat, poultry, and “ready-to-eat” foods, while C2 by higher (P < 0.05) whole cereals, vegetables, fruits, legumes, and nuts. Hierarchical cluster analysis identified 2 dietary patterns, cluster 1 (C1, n = 33) and cluster 2 (C2, n = 32). Complementary, maternal serum and urine samples were profiled. Sixty-five AF specimens, from women undergoing second-trimester amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis, were analysed. Therefore, we have explored whether AF content may be influenced by maternal diet, using a validated food-frequency questionnaire and implementing NMR-based metabolomics. Evidence in animal models indicates that maternal diet affects AF metabolic profile however, data from human studies are scarce. Amniotic fluid (AF) provides a rational compartment for studies on fetal metabolism. Maternal diet may influence offspring’s health, even within well-nourished populations.
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